FISH: Pennsylvania Frog and Toad Breeding Phenology

Phenology is the study of the timing of observable events in nature, such as when flowers bloom, birds migrate, frogs begin their breeding calls, and leaves change colors and drop in the fall. A combination of factors, including rainfall, soil, water and air temperature, moisture levels, and photoperiod, can influence the timing of these events. In Pennsylvania, there are distinct periods in which potential species can be expected to begin breeding and when they are most easily observed or heard. These periods and the species that breed in them are as follows.

References

Brownlee, Allyson and Leslie Horner. "Spring Phenology Notes." Penn State Extension. (March 2022).

Brownlee, Allyson and Leslie Horner. "Winter Phenology Notes." Penn State Extension. (November 2022).

Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission. "Frogs and Toads".