See All Dairy
Find educational material about dairy cattle, including nutrition and feed management, health and care, reproduction, facilities and technology, and business management from Penn State Extension.
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ArticlesGrowth Charts for Dairy Heifers
Comparing to a breed standard can indicate if heifer growth is progressing normally. -
ArticlesEnhancing Milk Components with Pasture-Based Systems
In pasture-based systems the amount and type of concentrate fed, processing of ingredients, and feeding method influence milk yield and components. -
ArticlesEconomics and Effects of Accelerated Calf Growth Programs
Increasing heifer growth rates, regardless of the feeding strategy, improves the odds of earlier age at calving, which can dramatically lower heifer costs. -
ArticlesEffects of Calf Feeding Program on First Lactation Performance
A review of the effects of increased milk or milk replacer feeding on milk production. -
ArticlesDairy Heifer Cost Variation
Dairy heifer replacement costs represent a large investment for all dairy operations. -
ArticlesDehorning: What Are Your Options?
Timing and best practices for caustic paste and hot iron dehorning, common methods of removing horns on young calves. -
ArticlesBody Condition Scoring as a Tool for Dairy Herd Management
Body condition scoring evaluates fatness or thinness according to a five-point scale and scores are used to fine-tune dairy nutrition and health. -
ArticlesSafety First with Livestock
Every year, hundreds of accidents occur on the farm whether it's caused by livestock, tractors, machinery, or mistakes. -
ArticlesJob Descriptions: The Building Blocks of Organizations
The primary objective of a job description is to help employees and supervisors reach a mutual understanding about important details of a job in order to avoid future problems. -
Tools and AppsJob Description Generator for the Dairy Industry
The Job Description Generator is an online tool that automates the process so preparing a job description is quick and easy. -
ArticlesStandard Operating Procedures: Developing and Implementing
The seven steps that you can take to develop and implement Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs). -
ArticlesStandard Operating Procedures: A Writing Guide
Standard operating procedures used in combination with planned training and regular performance feedback lead to an effective and motivated workforce. -
ArticlesLittle Things Can Make Big Difference in Dairy Farming
Becoming more aware of and focusing some time on the "little things" can have a big impact on productivity and profitability on dairy farms. -
ArticlesThe Seven Steps of Action Planning
Your team and the operation will encounter challenges or problems that must be overcome. We have outlined a seven-step process to assist you in solving problems. -
ArticlesTake a Bite Out of Those Dairy Losses
Managers can look at mortality numbers, feed shrink, and inventories of supplies to determine if changes could reduce these steady drains on profitability. -
ArticlesSteering Your Dairy Day-to-Day to Avoid the "Drift"
A subtle but steady "procedural drift" away from consistency can cost dollars and cents. -
Tools and AppsGoal-Setting Worksheet
Goal-setting worksheet to help outline specific goals for a dairy advisory team with an example -
ArticlesWant to be a Better Leader? Work on Your Communication Skills
Whether it's your farm business or a community organization, being able to effectively communicate is a key aspect of leadership. -
ArticlesAre Your Cows Taking a Vacation?
Too much time away from their pen can cause a deficit in cows' daily time budget. -
ArticlesCover Crops, Double Crops, and Cost Considerations
The use of cover crops can result in multiple environmental and soil health benefits, further sustainable intensification by utilizing those cover crops in a double cropping system may provide an additional economic benefit to dairies. -
ArticlesAre You Hiring the Right People at Your Dairy?
Job descriptions provide the foundation for building strong human resource management practices into the day-to-day management of a dairy farm business. -
ArticlesFeed Bunk Management
Fine-tune feed management by making sure that every group has access to feed when they return from milking. -
ArticlesCan You Make Overcrowding Work for You?
Stalls are the often-used metric to measure overcrowding. It easy to see, measure and calculate cows per usable stall. However, it may not be the limiting factor! -
ArticlesWhat Does Current Research Tell Us About Transition Cow Management?
Focus on reducing stress and increasing dry matter to lessen the impact on transition cow's immune systems and promote good health and optimum lactation at calving.




